2014年中国农村基于超声乳腺癌筛查多中心数据分析

目的为提高国家农村妇女乳腺癌筛查项目效果,第2个周期(2012-2014年)筛查模式调整为基于超声的乳腺癌筛查,本研究通过对2014年度农村妇女乳腺癌筛查数据进行分析,了解基于超声的乳腺癌筛查模式的质量和效果,为完善筛查流程、提高筛查质量和管理水平提供依据。方法采用基于超声的乳腺癌筛查模式为全国35~64岁农村户籍女性进行群体性乳腺癌筛查:先为符合条件的农村女性进行乳腺临床检查联合乳腺超声检查,超声BI-RADS 0、4、5级者进行乳腺X射线检查(mammography,MG),X射线BI-RADS 0、4、5级者进行组织病理检查,乳腺超声、X射线BI-RADS 1、2、3级者进行1年随访。检查数据以统计报表和个案表(筛出乳腺癌患者)形式录入《国家妇幼重大公共卫生项目信息直报系统》。分东、中、西部地区计算乳腺癌召回率、活检率、活检阳性预测值、检出率、早诊率、原位癌比例、早期癌比例、漏检率、假阳性率等主要评估指标;使用χ^2检验对地区间指标结果进行比较。结果2014年为30个省(市、区)697个项目县共1373524名35~64岁农村女性进行了乳腺癌筛查。检出乳腺癌1190例,检出率为0.87‰;东、中、西部地区检出乳腺癌例数分别为404、375和411例,检出率分别为0.90‰、0.86‰和0.84‰,地区间检出率差异无统计学意义,χ^2=1.215,P>0.05。共检出早期乳腺癌1014例,早诊率为85.21%;东、中、西部地区检出早期乳腺癌例数分别为353、323和338例,早诊率分别为87.38%、86.13%和82.24%,地区间早诊率差异无统计学意义,χ^2=4.638,P>0.05。检出原位癌82例,原位癌比例为6.89%;东、中、西部地区分别检出原位癌39、23和20例,原位癌比例分别为9.65%、6.13%和4.87%,原位癌比例地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=7.767,P<0.05。检出早期癌(0+Ⅰ期)387例,早期癌比例为32.52%;东、中、西部地区早期癌例数分别为159、115和113例,早期癌比例分别为39.36%、30.67%和27.49%,地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=13.922,P<0.01。MG复筛人数为33129人,召回率为2.41%;东、中、西部地区MG复筛人数分别为12827、11616和8686人,召回率分别为2.87%、2.67%和1.77%,地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=1386,P<0.01。3088人接受活检,活检率为0.22%;东、中、西部地区接受活检人数分别为1106、1006和976人,活检率分别为0.25%、0.23%和0.20%,地区间差异有统计学意义,χ^2=25.910,P<0.01。超声初筛漏检率为7.23%,其中BI-RADS 3级漏检率为6.89%;MG复筛BI-RADS 3级漏检率3.99%;仅超声检出乳腺癌比例为5.58%。结论2014年中国农村妇女乳腺癌检查项目检出和早诊情况符合相关质控要求,说明基于超声的乳腺癌筛查在中国农村地区可行且有效。但本筛查流程的漏检率仍较高,需进行流程优化。应加强MG和活检设备配置及技术培训,以提高乳腺癌筛查服务能力,从而进一步提高检出率和早诊率。     

乳腺癌保留乳房手术后局部复发的相关因素分析

虽然近年来中国保留乳房手术率不断上升,保留乳房手术已逐渐成为早期乳腺癌患者的主要手术方式之一,但与欧美发达国家相比,中国的保留乳房手术率仍较低。患者担心乳腺癌保留乳房手术后局部复发是影响保留乳房手术率提高的重要原因之一。大量文献对乳腺癌保留乳房手术后局部复发的相关因素进行了报道,笔者对近年来相关文献进行分析并综述。     

Comparative physiological and proteomic analyses reveal the actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers.)

The fact of melatonin as an important antioxidant in animals led plant researchers to speculate that melatonin also acts in the similar manner in plants. Although melatonin has significant effects on alleviating stress‐triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS), the involvement of melatonin in direct oxidative stress and the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear in plants. In this study, we found that exogenous melatonin significantly alleviated hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)‐modulated plant growth, cell damage, and ROS accumulation in Bermuda grass. Additionally, 76 proteins significantly influenced by melatonin during mock or H₂O₂ treatment were identified by gel‐free proteomics using iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation). Metabolic pathway analysis showed that several pathways were markedly enhanced by melatonin and H₂O₂ treatments, including polyamine metabolism, ribosome pathway, major carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, redox, and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, this study provides more comprehensive insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of melatonin in Bermuda grass responses to direct oxidative stress. This may relate to the activation of antioxidants, modulation of metabolic pathways, and extensive proteome reprograming.     

Structure of the apoptosome: mechanistic insights into activation of an initiator caspase from Drosophila

Apoptosis is executed by a cascade of caspase activation. The autocatalytic activation of an initiator caspase, exemplified by caspase-9 in mammals or its ortholog, Dronc, in fruit flies, is facilitated by a multimeric adaptor complex known as the apoptosome. The underlying mechanism by which caspase-9 or Dronc is activated by the apoptosome remains unknown. Here we report the electron cryomicroscopic (cryo-EM) structure of the intact apoptosome from Drosophila melanogaster at 4.0 Å resolution. Analysis of the Drosophila apoptosome, which comprises 16 molecules of the Dark protein (Apaf-1 ortholog), reveals molecular determinants that support the assembly of the 2.5-MDa complex. In the absence of dATP or ATP, Dronc zymogen potently induces formation of the Dark apoptosome, within which Dronc is efficiently activated. At 4.1 Å resolution, the cryo-EM structure of the Dark apoptosome bound to the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of Dronc (Dronc-CARD) reveals two stacked rings of Dronc-CARD that are sandwiched between two octameric rings of the Dark protein. The specific interactions between Dronc-CARD and both the CARD and the WD40 repeats of a nearby Dark protomer are indispensable for Dronc activation. These findings reveal important mechanistic insights into the activation of initiator caspase by the apoptosome.     

Prognostic and immunological roles of Fc fragment of IgG binding protein in colorectal cancer

Valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for colorectal cancer (CRC), which is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Previous studies have reported altered expression of a mucin-like protein Fc fragment of IgG binding protein (FCGBP) in various types of cancer, but its potential diagnostic, prognostic and immunological roles in CRC remain to be determined. Therefore, the aim of current study was to investigate the potential roles of FCGBP in CRC. The present study investigated FCGBP mutations and changes in its expression levels using a combination of microarray and public dataset analyses, as well as immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated a 10.5% mutation frequency in the FCGBP coding sequence in CRC tissues, and identified decreased FCGBP mRNA or protein expression levels in colorectal adenoma and CRC (compared with those in normal colorectal tissues from healthy control subjects), including pathologically advanced CRC (stage III+IV vs. I+II). Survival analysis using the GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases revealed that low FCGBP expression levels were associated with short overall, disease-free, relapse-free and event-free survival times in patients with CRC. Notably, analysis using the online Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource database revealed a positive correlation between FCGBP expression levels and the extent of infiltrating immune cells, such as B cells and dendritic cells. Consistently, the expression levels of most markers (51/57) for various types of immune cells were significantly correlated with FCGBP expression levels in CRC tissues. These findings suggested that FCGBP may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and that FCGBP may be associated with immune infiltration in CRC.